A Night At The Perk - 1684 Words

â€Å"A night at The Perk† â€Å"Ethnography or field research is a sociological method that explores how people live and make sense of their lives with one another in particular places. The focus might be on understanding the human race and the meaning they produce through everyday interactions, or places, and the organizational logics that guide our activities† (columbia.edu, 2017). A discourse community comprises of a group of people, especially within a sphere of intellectual or social activity, who share common goals, who support and understand each other using their own specific language or manner of interaction whether verbal or non-verbal (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2017). The discourse community I researched on is The Pace Perk Cafà ©. The Pace†¦show more content†¦These businesses that are run by students are very vital to the student body that is interested in business and entrepreneurship. They should be introduced in every campus that hosts business studies. Business students read ab out ventures, organizations and management in textbooks, but it’s a completely different experience while making decisions about an actual business. The thrill of making decisions, feeling the consequences of every decision made is something that cannot be taught. It must be experienced. This method of learning would revolutionize how business and management is taught in universities, creating social change and bettering society (Mars, Matthew M. and Gary Rhoades, 435-459). The members of my field research discourse community- â€Å"The Perk† would be any student that works for this business or any person who visits and purchases food from this cafà ©. Although â€Å"The Perk† is open to everybody, the late-night hours and the location allow only students who dorm on campus to be able to visit the cafà ©. Circumstances have made this cafà © exclusively for resident students. The main goals of this community include providing a safe place for students to eat and hang out with friends in a late-night cafà ©. â€Å"The Perk† community believes in the policy of â€Å"customers always come first and customers are always right.† This community also provides a safeShow MoreRelatedEssay about Organisational Behaviour Assignment1123 Words   |  5 PagesHow does this company manage to provide events and perks that employees value? Answer- Conestoga-rovers has a great reputation for its expertise in the fields of engineering, the environment, construction, and information technology. It has been identified as the best place to work in the waterloo region. The employees are provided with unique employee perks. The company believes in work hard-play hard mantra. The company provides a number of perks to its employees and it includes social events suchRead MoreDifferences Between A Female Friend And Male Friend859 Words   |  4 Pagesvery different things for you and not necessarily in the same way or same circumstances. Have male and female friends are a day and night difference. Here are just a few reasons of why girlfriends are better to have and what guy friends are better to have. And also how they compare to each other in many ways, but also how they contrast from each other as well. Perks of having female friends are they are there for you when you are sad and crying over a guy. They will sit with you and stuff their facesRead MoreCharlies Themes: The Perks of Being a Wallflower Essay examples780 Words   |  4 Pages In Stephen Choboskys The Perks of Being a Wallflower, Chbosky wrote a coming of age story; about a fifteen year old boy named â€Å"Charlie,† and his strife to find his place in high school, and all the while trying to handle the suicide of his best friend. While learning many important lessons of life, and of its important relationships. Stephen Chboskys purpose is to share with us, these common themes of isolationism, harsh society, participating, conflicting with emotions, and finally people treatRead MoreSimilarities Between Bill Brinson And Perks Of Being A Wallflower979 Words   |  4 PagesThe two texts, both Bill Brysons a short history of nearly everything, and Stephen Chboskys Perks of being a wallflower, explore responses emitte d when beings are given emotional and intellectual stimuli. This can be seen through both Bill Brysons use of Narration throughout his book, and through the use of Narration in Perks of being a wallflower, through Charlie, where we can see everything he experiences through both his thoughts and voice. Especially during scenes that depict Charlie writingRead MoreBenefits Of A Career And Personal Life1624 Words   |  7 Pagesto work significantly more than other developed countries. Jordan Weissmann, author of â€Å"Americans, Ever Hateful of Leisure, Are More Likely to Work Nights and Weekends† has compiled data incorporating the amount of work performed by Americans each week. Americans not only work more hours than other countries, but also work significantly more nights and weekends. Americans also tend to be given minimal vacation time, but â€Å"we don’t even use all of the vacation days our bosses do give us† (Weissmann)Read MoreThe Perks Of Being A Wall flower1568 Words   |  7 Pagesif I have forgiven you, but I will always love you. This world, its a help yourself kind of world, and maybe you didn t want to help yourself, and now I understand. â€Å"He’s my whole world† â€Å"Dont say that about anyone ever again. Not even me.† -The Perks of Being a Wallflower Dear *insert here* Wednesday, August, 15th 8:03 A.M. Ive became aware the library at my school is the realm of break-ups. Last week it was Sam and Olivia. Monday it was Holly and Alex. Today me and Joe. All the break-up speechesRead MoreThe Perks Of Being A Wallflower1342 Words   |  6 PagesStephen Chbosky’s novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower is an important novel for everyone, but especially adolescents, to read. The main character, despite all his flaws, provides an insightful look into the world of a traumatized person. This trauma affects everything Charlie does and hinders his growth as a person. Chbosky uses this novel to explore Charlie’s situation and demonstrates the profound effect trauma has on a person’s development. Only by understanding his trauma, is Charlie able toRead MoreThe 2012 Film The Perks of Being a Wallflower1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe 2012 film The Perks of Being a Wallflower, directed by Stephen Chbosky, is a modern classic that captures the highs and downs of growing up. It is a moving film about first love, fear, hope, and unforgettable friends. The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a great media text to convey the meaning of groups and leaders, technology in everyday life, and the affects on my own media profile. Logan Lerman stars as Charlie, the introverted and naà ¯ve high school freshman. Charlie is already counting downRead MoreChapter One Of Paris France1268 Words   |  6 Pagesopened his eyes, he saw the morning light flowing through the drawn curtains and wondered just how long he had been out of it? Where was he? How did he get here? As he pulled the covers off of his naked body, he couldn’t remember anything about the night before. What was even more frightening was that he could remember anything from the last week. The last thing Robin could recall was walking past the construction site of the controversial Eiffel Tower on his way to his apartment, and that was aRead MoreMy Day Around Town With My Sister Emily1003 Words   |  5 Pagesmind living with a loud, chaotic, messy family of seven. You might think being a fourteen year old girl living in 1756 with four younger siblings would have it’s perks, and it does, I can leave the house whenever I want to. That is pretty much the only perk, except I can’t leave before six in the morning, I need to be back by seven at night, and I have to come home for lunch. Even my little sliver of freedom has it’s downs. It could be worse though, There’s a family that sometimes hangs around town

Questions On World War I And The Peace Conference

Jaia Gillette Mr. Pozniak Hn. Global Studies 27 October 2016 Unit 2 Assignment Introduction Questions (Part I-III) Part I: 1. World War I and the peace conference that followed after â€Å"shaped the outlines of today’s Middle East† , because the significant events involved in both led to the creation of new borders that would determine how the Middle East is configured in the present. One of the results of the war was the fall of the Ottoman Empire, which at the time had ruled over a vast majority of the Middle East. The Paris Peace conference proposed a plan to allow European countries to expand into the Middle East after the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. However, this plan was not supported by the U.S. Senate because of the conferences rejection of President Wilson’s Fourteen Point Plan and was ultimately rejected. Instead, Britain and France carried out the Sykes-Picot agreement that they had initially created in secret before the end of the war, which would divide up the Ottoman Empire between the two. 2. World War II prompted U.S. leaders to pay greater attention to the oil resources of the Persian Gulf region, because in order to maintain its status as one of the global elites in oil in the case of a domestic shortage, the United States needed to secure an available foreign oil source during the war. 3. The 1948 War set the stage for long-term conflict in the Middle East, because even after Israel defeated Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon, the surrounding ArabShow MoreRelatedEssay on European Economic and Social Outcomes of World War I1107 Words   |  5 Pagesidea to construct peaceful global order at the Paris Peace Conference, resulting in the creation of six main treaties: Saint-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon, Sevres and the most controversial, the Treaty of Versailles. However, the creation of these treaties sparked criticism and resentment, due to the brevity of the consequences. There were few positive aspects of the Paris Peace Conference, while the negative opinions based on the Paris Peace Conference continued to fester for years to come. This is similarRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1684 Words   |  7 PagesA. Plan of Investigation The Treaty of Versailles was created to bring peace between nations after WWI. This investigation will answer the following question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles bring peace? In this investigation, the extent of the Versailles Treaty’s success will be evaluated by examining the period of its development, 1918, to the rise of Hitler, 1933. Several sources were used in this investigation including a number of books that look at the terms of the Treaty ofRead MoreThe Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles1587 Words   |  7 Pagesinflicted on Europe during World War I was dire and left Europe in a state of chaos. Consequently, post-war peace settlements were complicated, but were necessary in order to end the period of disorder. World War I concluded on November 1918, when Germany agreed to an armistice. At the end of the war, European leaders realized that their reasons for initially engaging in the war had not been worth it. Countries were torn ap art, as established dynasties had fallen during the war and new states were attemptingRead MoreEssay The Legacy of the Great War by William R. Keylor944 Words   |  4 PagesLegacy of the Great War by William R. Keylor After reading William R. Keylors The Legacy of the Great War, I realized the important events that pertain to the international relations. Until our present day there has not been so many great leaders come together to address issues such as: politics, economics, and social settings in Europe. This is the beginning of the problems in European civilization. The Paris Peace conference had a total of twenty-sevenRead MoreEssay Woodrow Wilsons Peace Agreement from WWI976 Words   |  4 Pages In 1917, the United States entered World War I on the side of the Allies. Previously angered by such events as the sinking of â€Å"Lusitania†, American President Woodrow Wilson led the nation to war after learning of the Zimmermann Telegram and Germanys resumption of UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE! As the war came to a close with an Allies victory, President Woodrow Wilson devised a core list of points which stressed self-determination of people, free trade, and open diplomacy. Wilson believedRead MoreThe Weimar years were marked by extraordinary and unrivaled economic, political, and social1600 Words   |  7 Pagesand devastated after four years of the unprecedented warfare of World War I. By 1918 the world had been shocked with over 8.5 million killed on both Allies and Axis sides and many more severely mangled and scarred â₠¬â€œ body, mind and spirit. This is seen as German Soldier, Ernst Simmel, writes, â€Å"when I speak about the war as an event, as the cause of illness, I anticipate something has revealed...namely that it is not only the bloody war which leaves such devastating traces in those who took part inRead MoreWhy Did the 1919 Paris Peace Settlement Not Provide a Durable Peace in Europe1570 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did the 1919 Paris settlement not provide a durable peace in Europe? The First World War, was without a doubt one of the most tragic events in the history of people. It was fought on a scale, and at a cost in human suffering, unparalleled in the history of man kind. Countries from every continent, including most of those in Europe, had taken part. Whole populations had been marshalled to serve their countries war efforts1. All these came to an end when on 11 November 1918, Germany finally agreedRead MoreNegotiating Without A Peaceful Solution919 Words   |  4 PagesGeneva Conference Geneva Conference, which was in 16 of June 2015 to negotiate the Yemeni conflict and the parties are the Yemeni government and the Houthis under the supervision of the UN, and it intended to resolve the dispute. These negotiations failed to reach a solution but this failure due to many reasons but the most prominent are: First, the main cause of the Geneva Conference failure is the parties had not been preparing for it very well. They did not take enough time for processing andRead MoreThe Nazi Party1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe â€Å"final solution to the jewish question† was the focus of the meeting. The term â€Å"final solution† was the phrase used by the Nazi’s for their plan for the extermination of all European Jews. This meeting was the first time that the government leaders not involved with the Nazi party were introduced to the plan for the Jews that the Nazi’s had carefully developed. The meeting was formally known as the Wannsee Conference an d the minutes that came from that conference were top secret and were not meantRead MoreDwight D. Eisenhower and Civil Rights Act Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesCold War United Nations Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong â€Å"China Lobby† Containment Doctrine George Kennan Marshall Plan National Security Act of 1947 Central Intelligence Agency NATO Berlin Airlift Warsaw Pact NSC-68 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act – 1944 GI Bill Coal Strike – 1946 Fair Deal Labor Management Relations Act – 1947 Progressive Party Thomas Dewey Korean War Gen. Douglas Mac Arthur HUAC The Hollywood 10 Alger Hiss Whittaker Chambers Richard Nixon J. Edgar Hoover

Managing Global Trade free essay sample

1. Comment on the statement that â€Å"exporting maximizes the benefits of selling from countries with weak currencies†. As our book states most middle/low income countries are benefiting most from exporting their goods to higher income countries. This maximizes their profits as it opens up their goods to countries that in the past they were unable to reach. Additionally by exporting to higher income countries, the country with the weaker economy is able to benefit from the media (advertising) of the country it is exporting to. What I mean by this is that in most cases the exporting country is introducing a â€Å"unique† item that is not found in the market they are exporting to. This now makes that product the â€Å"it† product of the moment which in turn creates a sensationalized buzz for that product normally through media exposure. With regards to the case study during the worst financial crisis in Argentina three young entrepreneurs founded a luxury tea business. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Global Trade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They were able to sell this unique product to up-market outlets and trendy stores with over 75 percent of the output sold in overseas markets such as the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, and Asia. This is a fine example â€Å"exporting maximizing the benefits of selling from countries with weak currencies†. 2. Based on the information provided, what is your advice to the government of Rwanda to increase exports? I would advise them to first of all re-invest in their countries infrastructure, and I say this for two reasons by shoring up their infrastructure they can prevent things like â€Å"blackouts† from happening, and not rely so heavily on other countries to get their goods out to their foreign vendors. It’s a two-fold approach by building up their infrastructure creating and possibly maintaining a strong airport to get their goods out via air instead of by sea, and shoring up their electrical issues they would not only save money in the long run put open themselves up to other possibilities to further stimulate their economy. Things such as tourism come to mind when I say this. Doing these few things alone would go along way in bringing Rwanda out of shadows and into greatness.

Obesity Essays (202 words) - Obesity, Bariatrics, Body Shape

Obesity Excess weight is major medical problem for more than one third of Americans and after cigarette smoking, is the second largest cause of death. However, obesity treatments remain controversial, and only surgical therapies have patient volume and appropriate follow-up adequate to prove effectiveness. Todays challenge in health care is to prevent or diagnose, treat, and manage acute or chronic diseases that affect many people while controlling cost, maintaining standards of care, and improving quality of life. Obesity is one such treatable disease because of its association with physical, psychosocial, and disability costs that affect quality of life. For the severely obese, it is a chronic, heterogeneous, multisystemic disese that has many equivocal causes and consequences. Recent findings show the importance of genetic factors as a major influence in the etiology and refractory nature of obesity. Aggressive, medically supervised interventions, such as very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) and pharmacologic and surgical treatments, are especially needed for genetically susceptible individuals who do not respond to low-risk dieting and behavioral modification treatments or cannot maintain a healthy body weight despite multiple attempts to lose weight. A model is neede to incorporate these obesity treatment guidelines into an everyday clinical physician practice. Medicine

Free Essays on Learning From Mistakes

Learning from Mistakes The constant learning that occurs in the everyday lives of humans can often be applied to many aspects in life. This proves true in Patricia Limerick’s essay, â€Å"Haunted America.† Inside Limerick’s essay she explains how we should learn a great deal from war, how we learn from others and our own mistakes. When thinking about her title, â€Å"Haunted America†, the first thing that comes to mind is war and people dying. As Limerick says, â€Å"We live on haunted land, on land that is layers deep in human passion and memory† (503). This quote says that the people who fought at war and died had great consequences that united our nation and we will remember that. Although Americans have often viewed our nation as being free from tradition and on the cutting edge of progress, the past nevertheless shadows our nation and its peoples. Although many wars have taken place with Americans, we some times seem to forget about those who we fought with to gain land. Like the Indians, we still today don’t really recognize them for who they are, we just seem to shove them to the side and forget about them. Today in time you never hear about the Indians accomplishments, it seems as if we just take their land over and never talk about them again. From knowing the real facts on war against the natives, it helps us learn not what to do next time. In Limerick’s essay she has a twelve point guide to war, that has many important issues at stake. In these patterns it teaches us what not to do next time, but they will always be there and remind us what did happen. For instance, like in any class, such as English we might not do something righ t the first time, but after a while we catch on and begin to do whats right, we learn from our own mistakes. As Limerick says, â€Å"a whole range of people who see each other as alien and who feel that they have no common ground, benefit from the tragic events of conquest† (... Free Essays on Learning From Mistakes Free Essays on Learning From Mistakes Learning from Mistakes The constant learning that occurs in the everyday lives of humans can often be applied to many aspects in life. This proves true in Patricia Limerick’s essay, â€Å"Haunted America.† Inside Limerick’s essay she explains how we should learn a great deal from war, how we learn from others and our own mistakes. When thinking about her title, â€Å"Haunted America†, the first thing that comes to mind is war and people dying. As Limerick says, â€Å"We live on haunted land, on land that is layers deep in human passion and memory† (503). This quote says that the people who fought at war and died had great consequences that united our nation and we will remember that. Although Americans have often viewed our nation as being free from tradition and on the cutting edge of progress, the past nevertheless shadows our nation and its peoples. Although many wars have taken place with Americans, we some times seem to forget about those who we fought with to gain land. Like the Indians, we still today don’t really recognize them for who they are, we just seem to shove them to the side and forget about them. Today in time you never hear about the Indians accomplishments, it seems as if we just take their land over and never talk about them again. From knowing the real facts on war against the natives, it helps us learn not what to do next time. In Limerick’s essay she has a twelve point guide to war, that has many important issues at stake. In these patterns it teaches us what not to do next time, but they will always be there and remind us what did happen. For instance, like in any class, such as English we might not do something righ t the first time, but after a while we catch on and begin to do whats right, we learn from our own mistakes. As Limerick says, â€Å"a whole range of people who see each other as alien and who feel that they have no common ground, benefit from the tragic events of conquest† (...

Planned Parenthood - Profile

Planned Parenthood - Profile About Planned Parenthood: The term planned parenthood originally applied to practices to control the number of children born to a family. Nurse Margaret Sanger promoted information about birth control methods as a way of dealing with the poverty of families where parents could not provide financially for their growing families and were ignorant of sexual and medical knowledge that could limit the number of their children. About Planned Parenthood Organizations: Today, Planned Parenthood refers to the organizations at local, state, federal and international levels. Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) is the umbrella group at the national level in the United States, with umbrella affiliates, and the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) which is based in London unites groups around the world. The focus of Planned Parenthood Federation today is providing reproductive health care, sex education, counseling and information; abortion services, while the most controversial of their programs, is only a small part of the services provided in more than 800 health centers throughout the United States. Origin of Planned Parenthood Federation of America: In 1916, Margaret Sanger founded the first birth control clinic in the United States. In 1921, realizing that the needs for information and services were greater than her clinic could provide, she founded the American Birth Control League, and in 1923, the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau. Realizing that birth control was a means and not the goal family planning was the goal the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau was renamed Planned Parenthood Federation. Key Issues in Planned Parenthood History: Planned Parenthood has evolved to face different issues in womens reproductive services as the political and legal environment has changed. Margaret Sanger was jailed in her time for violation of the Comstock Law. Before the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision on abortion, clinics were limited to providing contraceptives and information and even those services were limited depending on the states. The Hyde Amendment made it difficult for poor women to obtain abortion by excluding such services from federal health services, and Planned Parenthood looked for alternatives to help poor women the initial target audience of Sangers birth control work to get needed health services and to manage their family size. Reagan and Bush Years: During the Reagan years, increasing attacks on womens reproductive choices affected Planned Parenthood. The Gag Rule, preventing family planning professionals from giving medical information about abortion, made it more difficult to provide services to women internationally. The attacks both through violence by individuals, promoted by anti-abortion organizations, and through legislative limits on abortion and other reproductive services challenged clinics and the legislative and lobbying associated organizations. The Bush years (both presidents Bush) included pushes for abstinence-only sex education (despite evidence that such sex education does not significantly cut the rate of teenage or premarital pregnancy) and more limits on reproductive choice including abortion. President Clinton lifted the Gag Rule but President George W. Bush reinstated it. 2004 March on Washington: In 2004, Planned Parenthood played a key role in organizing a pro-choice march on Washington, the March for Womens Lives, held on April 25 of that year. More than one million gathered on the National Mall for that demonstration, with women being a large majority of those demonstrating. Associated Organizations: Planned Parenthood Federation is associated with: Alan Guttmacher Institute, focusing on research and developmentPlanned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF), a separate organization focusing on legal action and lobbyingInternational Planned Parenthood Federation Planned Parenthood Direction: Planned Parenthood clinics continue to be challenged with threats and actual incidents of terror as well as by attempts to intimidate or physically block women from entering those clinics for any services. Planned Parenthood also works for comprehensive sex education, to help prevent pregnancy through information, opposing abstinence-only programs which do not effectively prevent pregnancy. Planned Parenthood advocates for availability of legal contraceptive drugs or devices, access to abortion services, and ending censorship requirements on medical professionals preventing them from giving medical information to their patients. Those who oppose the availability of abortion or contraceptive services continue to identify Planned Parenthood for defunding efforts, attempts to close clinics through zoning and through protests, and other means. Those who advocate violence as a means of opposing reproductive choice also continue to target Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood and Related Elsewhere on the Web Planned Parenthood HistoryPlanned Parenthood Action CenterJohn Salvi, Abortion Clinic Violence, and Catholic Right ConspiracismPlanned Parenthood Plays the Violence CardNARAL Pro-Choice AmericaReligious Coalition for Reproductive Choice

The level of skills in contributing to the development of Human Dissertation

The level of skills in contributing to the development of Human Resource Management (HRM) practice in public sector in the Kingd - Dissertation Example Saudi Arabia is one of the biggest countries of Middle East earning mainly from the export of petroleum products (Ramady, 2010). Despite being rich in natural resources the country is facing a paradox of high wealth and a human resource base that is challenged in terms of skills. Saudi Arabia is facing significant shortage of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor (Ramady, 2010). Part of the reason is the influence of religious and cultural values resulting in an educational system that focuses less on a structured vocational or professional training who can meet the demands of the thriving economy (Oxford Business Group, 2008). Moreover, female population constitutes a minor portion of the total workforce due to which the country has to rely on the foreign/overseas employees to fill the demand & supply gap of the workforce (Oxford Business Group, 2008). According to a study by Al-Masnad in 1999, about sixty percent of the population of Saudi Arabia is under the age of eighteen. T he youth is living under social stereotypes due to which they refuse to accept technical and manual jobs and prefer working in managerial positions. As a result, the country is depending on expatriates and third country nationals especially in the fields of engineering and information technology. Apart from this, there is a weak connection between the Saudi educational system output and the requirement of the industry. The system of education is inadequate for the training and development of the future employees in technical and managerial skills needed for the development of human resource management. The country is producing more graduates in the fields of religious studies and humanities (Achoui, 2009). According to a report by World Economic Forum in 2007, the major obstacle in the development of human resources in Arab countries is the uneducated local workforce. Human Resource Management (HRM) is an emerging field in Saudi Arabia (Ali, 2008). Therefore, it is important to see that impact of employee skills of the HR practices of public sector so that companies can gain a clear image of the contribution of their employees in the achievement of their organizational goals. Clearly, the level of skills of the Saudi people affect and are affected by the practice of human resource management in the Kingdom. This is because it is apparent that every HRM system must work hand-in-hand with the people in the area within which it is to operate. Thus, the state of the Saudi human resource base will definitely have an effect on the human resource management system. On the other hand, the human resource management system will attempt to modify the human resource base through events like appraisal, promotion and motivation. Thus the push and pull factors shape and define the human resource system of the country. The purpose of this research proposal is to find out the influence of the changes in the level of skills the public sector of Saudi Arabia on the development o f HRM practices and policies. The importance of this research is that it is an unprecedented exercise that seeks to build the foundation for for future research and development of human resource management in Saudi Arabia. LITERATURE REVIEW: Fitzsimons (1999) stated that education and training are fundamental elements of the concept of human capital which determines the economy of a given nation. In terms of

CIPD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

CIPD - Essay Example Some internal and external factors are discussed below to realize their impact on the employment relationship. Discipline and grievances are the guidelines that are incorporated in the company’s policy and have a great significance in shaping the behavior of employees in the company. These guidelines are the rules that teach the individual about the company’s culture or way of conducting operations. These guidelines play a very important role in employment relationship. Ethics in the company also derives from these guidelines and every employee in the organization is liable to follow it. Policies design the structure and that structure shapes the behavior of individuals in the company. (CIPD, 2013a). In the employment law equal pay refers to the equal pay should be given to both men and women for the same job. None of the employer is allowed make biasness in giving equal salary or wages to men and women. The measuring standards for equal pay should be the productivity or other majors that does not consider any kind of discrimination among them. Women and men should be equally treated at the workplace and their rights should be protected completely. Gender discrimination is the only factor that is considered in equal pay law. Another perspective to analyze the injustice in equal pay is the comparison of pay with the market wage rate. If the company is paying low wage rate then it will negatively affect the employment relationship. (CIPD, 2013d). In the employment clause, religious discrimination is properly mentioned. In many countries like UAE and US there are huge number of people does not belong to the religion of most of the US and UAE people but still they are living with their own identity. Government has the responsibility to incorporate in the employment law regarding visas, work permits and emiratisation without any biasness in the processes. The work permits should be given to the deserving candidates by

Foreign-based terrorist influence Essay Example for Free

Foreign-based terrorist influence Essay The influence of foreign-based terrorist organizations is here to stay, and al-Qaeda is not the only one. Appendix D lists many other groups in the world that are full of hate and have no limitations in their pursuit of fulfilling their beliefs. Many groups have had Ð ° presence, Ð ° following, or have conducted business in the U. S. for decades. According to the U. S. State Departments designated foreign terrorist organization list for 2002, four groups have Ð ° confirmed presence in the U.S. : †¢ al-Qaeda, Arabic for â€Å"the base† (worldwide), an Islamic extremist organization that opposes â€Å"non-Islamic† regimes and that has been linked to bombings throughout the world against U. S. government interests †¢ Al-GamaÐ  Al-Islamiyya (Egypt), an Islamic extremist group responsible for attacks on tourists in Egypt. †¢ Hizbollah (Lebanon), an Islamic extremist group linked to the Iranian government and responsible for suicide truck bombings against U.S. interests †¢ Kahane Chai (Israel and the West Bank), Ð ° Jewish extremist group seeking to continue the founders rejectionist agenda Hamas, Ð ° Palestinian fundamentalist group, an offshoot of the Muslim Brethren that came into existence in 1987, is another group with an alleged presence in the United States. â€Å"In addition to the deep-seated concern of the groups with confirmed presences in the U. S., seven countries have been designated as being sponsors of terrorism: Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, North Korea, and Syria. The potential for terrorist activities that threaten the security of the U. S. , its nationals, or allied nations, is greatly enhanced because of the states that sponsor terrorism. However, these countries cannot be handled by local or state law enforcement. This mission falls on the federal government and the military. The role of law enforcement is to provide detailed local information and intelligence to the appropriate authorities on domestic-related matters and on those that involve international groups. Cyber activity is one component that will likely play key roles in future foreign-based terrorist endeavors and will be handled largely by law enforcement. The cyber world provides Ð ° way for faceless operatives within terrorist organizations to attack key infrastructure systems from virtually anywhere in the world. † (Richard 2004 159).

Physics of Aikido Essay -- physics martial arts fighting fight

Aikido is the martial art that focuses primarily on redirection and control of ones opponent (uke. Pronounced OO-kay). This consists of a set of throws and holds which are intended to subdue and control an uke without permanently harming them. On a spiritual level, Aikido is focused on bringing harmony of the body into harmony of others. Roughly translated Aikido means "The Way of Harmony of the Spirit" which holds true today, though different schools place different emphasis on the spiritual aspect. Aikido was first created approximatly 80 years ago by Morihei Ueshiba, and took a great many techniques from Jujitsu, Judo and Kenjutsu and modified them. Ueshiba focused on forming a martial art that placed a great emphasis on moral and spiritual values as well as a system of techniques that would integrate with the philosophy of Aikido. What about the physics? On a practical level, Aikido is not a martial art of strength and power. It does not focus on throwing punches and kicks to directly oppose an uke's attack. Instead, the focus on redirection means that the physical aspect of Aikido is primarily a dancelike type of motion that is very smooth and flowing. This allows the Aikidoist to harmonize with an uke. This harmonizing allows the Aikidoist to redirect an ukes energy and manipulate the forces that are acting on that person. From a physics standpoint, this means manipulating the location of an uke's center of mass to destabilize and ultimatly bring the uke to the ground. Make sure to swing by the Nifty Section to see some really in-depth and interesting history of Aikido. Basic Physics Big vs. Small Aikido is as much about basic physics as it is about the spiritual aspect. Aikido seeks to make the weak eq... .... A good source since Aikido and Judo are closely related. "The Physics Of Forces In Aikido: Making The Weak Equal To The Strong" http://www.fightingarts.com/reading/article.php?id=284 Chock full of highly informative bits of information. Originally ran in Scientific American, reprinted on this website. "The Aikido FAQ" http://www.aikidofaq.com/ Best. Site. Ever. Everything and anything you ever want to know about Aikido. "Tenchi Nage" http://www.aikido.waw.pl/pol/techniki/tenchi_nage_technika.htm\ Gathered collection of images and illustrative information. "Physics in Hand-to-Hand Combat" http://www.physicspost.com/articles.php?articleId=80 An article similar in content to the Scientific American reprint above. Very useful for basic understanding of relationship between physics and martial arts.

“Cathedral” written by Raymond Carver Essay

In the story â€Å"Cathedral† written by Raymond Carver, it seems that stereotypes of the blind form barriers between the blind and the sighted. The man in the story has always had misconceptions of the blind which â€Å"came from the movies† (Carver 1). The title, â€Å"Cathedral†, is significant because it helps the man envision the life of Robert. As Robert, the blind man, entered his life, it was hard for the man to form any bond with Robert due to his visual impairment. The man even created a picture in his mind of what Robert would look like, and how he would act. This is because the man has never had any interaction with a blind person, making him have preconceived ideas about Robert. Having Robert stay at the man’s house left the man feeling quite uneasy. Not only was Robert a threat to his wife, he also thought that Robert may be a hassle to deal with. The man stated, â€Å"I wasn’t enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me† (Carver 1). Because the man had such strong images in his mind about Robert, the first time he saw Robert caught him by surprise. Robert’s appearance was not unordinary, and did not look like a blind person. † He wore brown slacks, brown shoes, a light brown shirt, a tie, a sports coat. Spiffy† (Carver 32). At this point, the man’s ideas about the blind people’s appearance had been contradicted. When the man realized that his assumptions about Robert were false, and that they actually shared some things in common, he began to feel more comfortable with Robert, even being, â€Å"glad for the company† (Carver 84). This is the first time the man was being polite and friendly to Robert. Soon after, a bond between Robert and the man had begun after a program about cathedrals came on the television. The man becomes aware that, â€Å"There were times when the Englishman who was telling the thing would shut up, would simply let the camera move around over the cathedrals† (Carver 92). The silence in the room became awkward for him because he realized that Robert did not know what was happening when the narrator stopped speaking. Since the man’s stereotypes were beginning to shed during the cathedral conversation, the man came more open with Robert, and realized that Robert is not much different from the rest of society. The two of them began to  compare how well each of them envisioned the cathedrals. Robert gave facts that were heard tight off the television, demonstrating his limited knowledge. The man also attempted to describe this cathedrals, â€Å"they’re really big,†(Carver 100) he explains, â€Å"they’re massive†(Carver 100). At this point, he understood just how little he actually knew about the cathedrals, even with a picture right in front of him. Now the man is awakened to his newly, humbled, equal position along side Robert, with the help of the cathedral. With the man’s stereotypes diminishing, he became to trust Robert and is giving him a chance to build a relationship. When Robert brought up the idea for the man to draw the cathedral out as Robert follows, the man was able to appreciate what blind people go through. When he finished the drawing, Robert said, â€Å"Well are you looking?†(Carver 125) The man replied, â€Å"It’s really something†(Carver 126). The man had allowed himself to experience, even if for just a few minutes, what Robert experiences every second of his life. This was the same man, who only a few hours ago did not want Robert to be in his house. Overcoming prejudices, fears, and misconceptions are only possible when you allow yourself to get close to a person who these feelings are directed towards. By the man becoming close with Robert, he was capable to see what was necessary to gain an understanding of what life is like for a blind man, with the help of the vision of the cathedral. The man began to draw the cathedral to try and help Robert visualize what one looked like. What he did not realize is that Robert was actually helping him visualize what blindness felt like.

Lady of Bath vs. Desdemona

ENGL 220 – Scott Mackenzie December 8th, 2010 Breaking the Socially Acceptable Behavior of Women in Chaucer and Shakespeare To say that men in the centuries leading up to the twentieth believed a woman must be â€Å"seen but not heard,† is a fair statement. Women during the times of Chaucer and Shakespeare were second class citizens with little rights. They were considered properties of their masters (fathers and husbands), and had no use other than birthing and mothering. A woman was supposed to be meek, chaste, and have no opinion.However, the characters Desdemona in William Shakespeare’s Othello and Dame Alison from The Wife of Bath’s Prologue in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales seemingly go against common conventions of women, as they are bold characters who have strong opinions and exert dominance. Dame Alison, the Wife of Bath, is a character created by Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales. She is a merchant who has an interest in profit, an d uses sex and her many husbands to gain that profit. Alison has been married five times, and she is open to more, as sex is extremely important to her. Welcome the sixte, whan that ever he shal! / For sothe, I wol nat kepe me chast in al,/ Whan myn housbonde is fro the world anoon. † (51-53) Alison is boldly stating that she will continue to remarry because she cannot remain without sex, a statement that blatantly goes against the ideal woman, a lady who has one husband and is chaste at all times. Alison challenges this ideal when she says, â€Å"but that I axe, why that the fifthe man/ was noon housbond to the Samaritan? 1/ How manye mighte she have in mariage? / †¦ God bad us for to wexe and multiplye. (21-23, 28) In Alison’s time, the messages in the bible were considered the truth and 1 Referencing a story in the bible where Jesus told a Samaritan that though she had five mates, only one was her husband. were not to be challenged, especially by a woman. Withi n the first one hundred lines of her prologue, Dame Alison is breaking traditional womanly conventions by admitting her love of sex and questioning why the bible says she can only have one husband. Traditionally, husbands worked to make money and wives took care of the household.However, in The Canterbury Tales, we find out that Dame Alison is a business woman who â€Å"of cloth-making she hadde swich an haunt,/ she passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunt. † (Prologue to Canterbury Tales, 449-50) And though she is a successful business woman in her own right, Alison also uses sex to control her men and receive material gifts from them. She states that her first husbands were so old that â€Å"they had me yeven hir gold and hir tresoor;/ me neded nat do lenger diligence/ to winne hir love, or doon hem reverence. (204-206) In this quote, Alison is saying that they gave her land, money, and love without her having to have sex with them, a quote that shows readers she is open about sle eping with men to get what she wants. She reaffirms this notion of using sex to get what she wants by stating, â€Å"a wys womman wol sette hir ever in oon/ to gete hir love, ther as she hath noon. / But sith I hadde hem hoolly in myn hond,/ and sith they hadde me yeven all hir lond/ what sholde I taken hede hem for to plese/ but it were for my profit and myn ese? (209-214) In the lines following that quote, Alison goes on to mention that she had her husbands wrapped around her finger and that they were happy to please her. This is a direct contradiction to the social expectations of women in the time of Chaucer. Women were supposed to be at their husbands beckon and call, to ask for nothing, and to provide sex when needed by the husband. However, Alison’s husbands are at her beckon and call, she asks repeatedly for things, and she only has sex when she wants something. By using sex to her economic advantage, Alison is further breaking the socially acceptable behavior of wom en.Dame Alison challenges the bible in reference to virginity. Challenging the bible was generally taboo, especially when it came from a woman. Alison poses strong arguments and questions about virginity. Firstly, she says that Saint Paul’s talk of virginity and remaining celibate throughout life â€Å"al nis but conseil. †(82) Secondly, in lines 105-114, she is saying that virginity is a kind of perfection, and though Jesus was perfect, virginity is only meant for those who strive for absolute perfection, like Jesus was. Alison, on the other hand, says that â€Å"[she] wol bistoew the flour of al myn age,/ in the actes and in fruit of mariage. (113-114) Thirdly, Alison questions the design of the physical body. â€Å"Telle me also, to what conclusion/ were membres maad of generacioun/ and for what profit was a wight y-wrought? † (115-117) In this quote, Alison is asking why genitals were made perfect for each other if they weren’t mean to be used. Quest ioning why the bible and society have such strong opinions on virginity, a subject that is not generally discussed by women, is yet another reason why Dame Alison, the Wife of Bath from The Canterbury Tales challenges the socially acceptable behavior of women.Desdemona, the main female character in William Shakespeare’s Othello is another example of a character who is breaking female behavior norms. In the first act, Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, makes note of what a proper Venetian woman should be. He says they should be â€Å"of spirit still and quiet†¦ never bold. † (I. iii. 95-97) Contrary to Brabantio’s statement however, Desdemona is arguably bold. Her father, Brabantio, has long decided Desdemona will marry a business man. She, however, finds them boring, and thus marries Othello.Othello, though a celebrated general of the Venetian arm, is a moor2 and is therefore somewhat of a 2 A person who usually comes from northern Africa or Arabia and i s therefore black or dark skinned. societal outcast in the predominantly white Venice. Desdemona blatantly defies her father, something proper women never do, by marrying a social outcast. Any proper woman in Othello’s time would have been meek and polite both in public and in private, characteristics that are not displayed by Desdemona in either place.When confronted by her father about her marriage to Othello, Desdemona fights back, stating â€Å"I am hitherto your daughter: but here’s my husband/ and so much duty as my mother show’d/ to you, preferring you before her,/ so much I challenge that I may profess/ due to the Moor my lord. † (I. iii. 185-189) Desdemona is maintaining a strong stance on her marriage to Othello and is not cowering away because of her angry father. She publicly argues with Brabantio, an act that easily challenges the socially acceptable behavior of women as women were supposed to be submissive, never arguing with their fathers ( or any man for that matter), specially in public. Like Dame Alison, Desdemona is a temptress who uses sex to get what she wants. Trying to convince Othello to forgive Cassio, Desdemona states, â€Å"tell me Othello, I wonder in my soul/ what you would ask me that I should deny,/ or stand so mammering on? † (III. iii. 68-70) By referring to her unquestionable desire to please Othello in every possible way, Desdemona is saying that Othello cannot possibly love her as much as she loves him if he denies her wishes. In this one instance, Desdemona is subtly defying the socially acceptable behavior of women as she is using her sexuality to get what she wants.Overall, both Desdemona from Othello and Dame Alison from The Wife of Bath’s Prologue are characters who defy the socially acceptable behavior of women in their respective time periods. Desdemona acts bold by defying and arguing with her father, and uses her sexuality to manipulate. Similarly, Alison uses her sexuality f or economic gains from her five husbands, has a successful business of her own, and challenges the bible’s stance on multiple marriages and virginity. Therefore, both Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare challenge the ideals of the behavior of women in the early 14th and 17th centuries respectively.

Korean War Essays

Korean War Essays Korean War Essay Korean War Essay Despite the total victory and unconditional surrender in the recent World War II, the Korean War was not along the same lines whatsoever. The Korean War began when the North and South were divided at the 38th parallel; suddenly, the Communist North invaded the south and most of it was consumed except for a final southernmost city. There, General MacArthur was sent my President Truman to Korea for a police action. With U. N advancements up near the Chinese-Korean border, the Chinese sent their own troops to force MacArthur back near the original border lines, where MacArthur called for extra support and was denied. Korea was a different sort of war in numerous ways. To begin, Korea was not to be a major part of the Soviet Communist expansion plan. Stalin originally did not favor invading South Korea but believed that it would be a small step in expanding and that the U. S would not care too much. Having this be the case, no one knew that the war would carry on for years, certainly not the United States. This attack was a surprise for the U. S and Truman responded quickly. This war was again different because the war was supposed to restore the boundaries to the original 38th parallel. Instead, MacArthur was ordered to push into North Korea and the Chinese became engaged in the battle. The move into the North changed the battle grounds of the war. Now, the U. N was not only defending non-communist South Korea, but also attacking a larger China. Forces being pushed back called for MacArthur to ask for larger scale attacks, even involving nuclear missiles to be used on China. Having deviated from the original plan to this extent, Truman could not continue and needed to say no. This leads to the fact that MacArthurs claim that there is no substitute for victory as problematic in the case of Korea because victory meant launching a full-out attack on China. The U. S at the time was mainly concerned with the U. S. S. R and not the Chinese. Launching an attack would spring the U. S back into war-mode, which nobody was willing to do at the time. Also, the engagement of war would have probably sprung a war against not only China, but would have also involved the Soviet Union in assisting China, which mightVe ended a disaster for the U. S. Even with the help of newly- founded NATO, many European powers in WWII would not be resent in the war against Korea/China/Soviet Union due to still-Reconstruction. This belief that victory needed to be sought after led to MacArthur ranting on the President in public. Even being a great general, Truman had to remove MacArthur from his duties; the nation banded MacArthur as a traitor. Truce was reluctantly discussed momentarily; having more interest in prisoner exchanges, truce discussions were hesitantly discussed and the battle waged and more souls were unnecessarily lost. With the invasion of South Koreans by the North, the Korean War was underway and would prove to be a stalemate between both sides. The Soviet Union did not intend for attacking South Korea to be a major priority in their plans; thus, they did not go all-out in the attack before and after U. S and U. N involvement. Similarity, the U. N originally only wanted to restore the 38th parallel boundary. However, as the war continued, it seemed that victory could only be reached by attacking China, and eventually the Soviet Union as well. Witn neither side really engaging in full war tactics, neither side also really wanted to declare a truce as well. Battle waged on and the loss of lives was plenty as an armed hostile armistice was loosely formed to end the war.

How to Bounce Back When You Make a Mistake at Work

How to Bounce Back When You Make a Mistake at Work The reply-all with a snarky comment, when you meant to forward to a trusted friend. The dropped ball that caused you to miss a major deadline.The â€Å"I’m disappointed in you† talk from your boss.So you’ve made a major mistake at work. Or you’ve gotten a poor review, or maybe you just feel like you’re coasting along, performing way below your ability. Whatever the reason, you feel like you’re just barely holding on. What can you  do when you make a mistake at work?At some point in their career, everyone has a stumbling point. Sometimes mistakes happen due to being overwhelmed, making an oversight, or having a moment of carelessness. It happens to everyone, even the most conscientious employee. So when something happens and you feel like you’re sitting in the corner of shame, remember that you’re not the only one. Even the people who are angry with you have been there (or will be) at some point, so try not to take it too perso nally.The Aftermath of your GaffeAfter a mistake, it can feel like you’re stuck in a kind of purgatory. Am I going to get fired? Have I totally ruined my reputation? And everything, every little bobble or mistake, feels magnified. It’s important not to get stuck under this tidal wave of stress and worry. Once you’ve made a mistake, or been called out for poor performance, the most important thing is to step up.Apologize/acknowledge what happened.You don’t need to wear a sandwich board saying, â€Å"I screwed up,† but letting your boss (and anyone affected by the mistake) know that you understand how you failed is key. If you messed up, a simple â€Å"I’m sorry† goes a long way here, just like it does in all aspects of life. And FYI: â€Å"I’m sorry you feel that way† is not a legit apology here.Own itAccept responsibility for what happened. Resist the urge to throw anyone under the bus here; it won’t lessen your o wn consequences, and will just cause further issues and bad blood. That’s not to say you should take all blame; rather, if it’s a shared mistake or problem, be clear about your part in the mistake, and take your share of the blame. Naming names, or the kindergarten classic â€Å"but he was doing it too!† won’t get you any brownie points right now.Show that it won’t happen againIf it was a lapse on your part, let people know that you’re taking action to make sure it doesn’t happen again. If it was a process that failed, show how you’re changing things so that there’s not a repeat.Look for small winsUnfairly or not, you’re likely going to be under increased scrutiny for some period of time, while things are still recent and raw. In addition to making sure the blunder isn’t repeated, it couldn’t hurt to be an A+ employee for a while: show up early, stay late, put in extra hours to show that you’r e back on it. Take on extra projects to demonstrate your commitment to the job. It’s about rebuilding others’ confidence in you, sure, but it’s just as much about rebuilding your own confidence. Succeeding at things, even small ones, can help you get back into your groove while showing everyone else that you’re ready to move onward and upward.Move onIf it’s not a fatal (e.g. firing) mistake (more on that in a bit), this too shall pass. Odds are, things will get back to normal pretty quickly. And while you can’t erase what happened, or make everyone forget what you did, everyone has a job to do. This incident will get lost in the shuffle of everyday work. You might have a rough few weeks, but at some point you’ll notice that things have gotten back to the routine.Ask Yourself: Why Did This Happen?Once you’ve got the problem in hand and have started your apology tour, you have some space to think more about why this happened. Som etimes mistakes just come out of the blue, in a moment of inattention or poor decision-making. Other times they’re part of a pattern of carelessness, or a lack of caring about the job. So after you’ve started the damage control process, it’s time to figure out why you’re in this situation in the first place.Did I make this mistake/perform poorly because I don’t care about this job anymore?Did I make this mistake/perform poorly because I’m overwhelmed by my job, and need to make adjustments?Did this happen because I don’t have the right skill set, or need to know more about how things work?If you made the mistake or got a poor performance review because you’re just not into your jobIt might be time to get out. It’s not ideal to quit straightaway- it’s much better to start exploring your options and opportunities before you jump ship. But if you’re already performing at a lower level because you’re unh appy or disinterested, that’s a major red flag.If the performance issue was due to you being overwhelmed by your jobTalk to your boss. ASAP. It’s time for a very frank discussion about your priorities, your tasks, and your role. If things don’t change and performance continues to slide, that will be on you, and it will make things even more uncomfortable. Your boss has a strong interest in making sure you perform your best and stay a satisfied employee, so don’t fear the conversation. It might be possible to restructure your daily tasks, or find new ways to do them, so that you’re able to do your job at the level you know you can hit.If the mistakes are happening because you don’t have the right skill setYou need to figure out what you’re lacking, and strategize how to either a) get those skills and knowledge; or b) share responsibilities in a way that works for you and your team. It may be that this is something you can handle on you r own (for example, getting trained on a particular kind of software, or taking online seminars about time management). But it may well be that you need help from someone else in your company, and that’s okay. If you need to sit down with someone to understand processes or tasks, do it. If you need help from your boss prioritizing, ask for it. This goes back to showing that you’ve learned from past mistakes, and are trying to get stronger.What If I’m Fired As a Result?Some mistakes, well, sorry to say that you can’t bounce back so easily and keep your job. Say there was a major money loss, or you happened to do something that was considered unforgiveable by the powers that be. If this turns out to be the case, and you’re let go for cause, your career is not over. Remember before, when I mentioned that you have to work hard to prove yourself and move on? That’s doubly true if you’re fired- and you have to cope with that while also look ing for a new job. So it’s not an easy road, but also not impossible.If you lose your job because of performance issues, you still have options:1. Don’t put off your job search.It can be tempting to lay low for a while, but the longer you wait, you’re delaying the inevitable moment you get back out there. You also run the risk of (unintentionally) reinforcing the idea that you’re unhireable, the longer you stay out of the game. As with a big mistake, accept that it happened, think about how you can do better, and find ways to improve and make yourself a stronger candidate.2. Think hard about what you want to do.Is your field really a good fit for you, after how things ended at your last place? If it was just the company or the role that was the problem, that’s a pretty straightforward fix. But this is a chance to think about what you should really be doing next.3. Get your references in place.Given how things ended, you probably won’t want y our most recent boss to sing your praises (especially if you’re not sure what he/she will say), but you can still get former colleagues from other jobs, or people in your network to act as references.4. Spin it.You lost your job, and that’s going to come up when someone sees an end date on your resume, or asks why you left your last job. The important thing is to turn the narrative into a more positive one. â€Å"I left my last position because it wasn’t a good fit. I’m ready to move on to the next challenge.† It’s a little vague and not ideal, but it’s also not a brutally honest, â€Å"I got fired. Hire me please?† Keep in mind that the reasons you were let go might come up during a background or reference check, so it’s best not to flat-out lie about your reasons for leaving.While you’re looking for a new job, the old one might haunt you somewhat. But again, it’s important to acknowledge, accept, and move on with your life. Everyone loves a good comeback story, and if you work hard to be better than your past mistakes, you can pull yourself up and out of the muck. You can survive, you will survive, and you’ll walk away with some very hard-won insight about yourself and your career.

Something related to women experiencing psychosomatic issues, must be Essay

Something related to women experiencing psychosomatic issues, must be focued on women - Essay Example First, common psychological disorders are more common among women. Most women suffer from some disorder, like anxiety or depression. Second, women are more likely to experience the trauma caused by past and present abuse. This leads to a greater incidence of somatic symptoms. Third, there is significant difference in the emotional threshold of men and women. Furthermore, childhood socialization has a substantial effect on the attitude adopted, while reporting sensations. There is a well felt need to conduct further research in this area, in order to assess reporting patterns (Barsky, Peekna, & Borus, 2001). As such, the gender differential in reporting symptoms has to be dealt with by exploring its root causes. A causal relationship between gynecological symptoms and psychological disorders in women was perceived to exist by some gynecologists and psychologists. One gynecologist states that many females exhibited gynecological symptoms, in the absence of any gynecological illness. This phenomenon could be described as a psychological disorder masquerading as a gynecological issue (Gath, et al., 1987, p. 213). In a few studies, gynecological patients were evaluated on the basis of their self-assessment. These studies suggested that nearly 50 % of these women were suffering from psychiatric illness. This is a seemingly very high incidence of psychological disorders. However, these studies do not take into consideration, women who attend other types of medical clinics (Gath, et al., 1987, p. 213). Despite this argument, there is considerable evidence that gynecological morbidity is high in women with psychological disorders. In addition, it was observed that women who had undergone gynecological surgery were more frequently diagnosed with hysteria. Moreover, many women with neurotic disorders had complained of irregular menstrual periods.It has frequently been

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay - 2

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror - Essay Example The work that follows discusses the right of habeas corpus in the war on terror and its historical evolution. Historical Evolution of habeas corpus According to English tradition, habeas corpus fought for liberty of citizens after English land owners forced it on King John in their constitutional document named Magna Charta (Halliday, 2010). The constitutional document declared that no seizure, imprisonment, exile or injury shall occur on anyone except by lawful judgment by the law of the land. In other words everyone had a right to freedom unless they pass through due law process. The common-law courts became the first to use habeas corpus in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries competing with feudal courts, which local land owners controlled (King & Hoffmann, 2011:). These feudal courts had no consistency in their procedures, and the common-law courts began issuing orders demanding release of prisoners in the feudal courts. According to the U.S tradition, Americans believed habe as corpus as a weapon used to defend an individual’s liberty, and planned to protect it from suspension in times of peace through inclusion of a provision in Article I of their constitution (King & Hoffmann, 2011:). ... ?s war against terrorism, habeas corpus checks abuse of government power on alleged terrorists or suspected aliens or criminals to ensure protection of individuals’ liberty. Examples from U.S. history of the suspension of habeas corpus and their applicability to the present There are several examples of suspension of habeas corpus in the United States history, which are in application at present. An example of habeas corpus suspension is during the reign of Abraham Lincoln. Although authorizing order of the suspension took place in the year 1861, the suspension took place in March 1863 (Dueholm, 2008). The orders given stated that, first, throughout the war period, any person committing a disloyal practice or giving aid to rebels against the U.S authority would be liable to punishment by military commission or courts martial. Secondly, the orders stated that the suspension of habeas corpus was in respect to all persons arrested in places confined by military commission or auth ority. As Article I in the U. S constitution stated, the government had authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus incase there is risk of security, and when the public safety requires it. Lincoln got authority to suspend habeas corpus after Congress passed an act, two years to the war (Dueholm, 2008). According to the article, the president had executive power vested in them, which gave authority to conduct any changes in the government. The suspension of habeas corpus still applies at present, as the president still has powers to execute changes in the government. Another example in U. S history is seen when Bush signed a law in October 2006 that suspended the rights of habeas corpus to persons whom United States considered an enemy in the war against terror (Longley, 2013). However, this

HUMAN RESOURCES IN ACTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HUMAN RESOURCES IN ACTION - Essay Example The link to career is very informative as all jobs contain company description, job description, department, and requirements. However, salary is not mentioned against any job which is one of the main factors users usually look for while finding and applying for a job. I think the website is perfect in everything. For example, navigation is easy for users to do, user interface is very user-friendly, and use of background and text colors is excellent as it makes easy for the users to read the material. However, one thing that I have noted is that the website is a little heavy as it takes some time to move on to the next page. May be this problem does not occur with fast internet connections but for average users, it does take some time. As a manager, the only improvement to the website that I would like to make will be enabling of the drop down list against each link which is not working at the moment for the links. This will definitely make content exploration easier for the users. C ompany 2: Caesars Entertainment The second company chosen for review is Caesars Entertainment which is the world’s premier casino entertainment providing hospitality company. ... Along with this, some links to ‘hot opening’ jobs are also given by default so that users can apply in those jobs directly. However, I did not find many jobs available in the company when I tried to search jobs based on my preferred criteria. I think the website provides sufficient information about everything. Navigation is also easy and takes very less time to open because of no heavy material inside. Use of background and front end text colors also make it easy for the users to read the material. However, the text size is small, which as a manager, I would like to increase in order to make the text easily readable for the users. B) Recruitment Methods for Starwood Hotels and Resorts For the Manager Food and Beverages Department, Starwood Hotels and Resorts can use internal sourcing to make existing employees aware of new job opportunities by publishing information about job vacancies within the company. Some of the main advantages of internal sourcing for the company will include reduced advertising fees, time saving related to candidates’ selection, no training costs for new employees, and increased employee dedication (Richason). Whereas, some disadvantages will include reduced motivation for employees who do not get promotion, no new ideas, and new vacancies left due to promotions (Riley). Starwood Hotels and Resorts can also use external sourcing to recruit employees by publishing job vacancies in magazines, newspapers, and other sources. The advantages of external sourcing for the company would be increased pool for selection, emergence of new cooking and management ideas, and wider range of department management experience. Some

A Depicted Theory On Why Criminal Behavior Occurs Criminology Essay

A Depicted Theory On Why Criminal Behavior Occurs Criminology Essay Throughout history theorist and people have tried to find a reason to why criminal behavior occurs. Going back to ancient Babylons Code of Hammurabi, some 3,700 years ago, was the time where the fist efforts to control bad behavior took place. In the seventeenth century, in America, European colonists believed that sin and crime we the same thing. For example, they believed that evils spirits possessed the people who did not form to social norms and follows the laws, or rules. To sustain control of the colonies the people who display antisocial behavior would be dealt with promptly and most of the time severely. By the twenty-first century criminologists looked to a wide range of factors to explain why a person would commit crimes. These included biological, psychological, social, and economic factors. Some would argue that a combination of these as well would be the cause. A Depicted Theory on Why Criminal Behavior Occurs A controversial question is Are criminals born, or made? That is an argument that has been continuing for many years and has been the subject of numerous passionate debates. Early theorists during earlier time had thought that it had something to do with an inherent inclination, or even something as severe as a genetic defect or some form of mental retardation. Over the years, many sociologists and psychologists have tried to make sense of this complicated question. Several suggesting that with todays magnitude of chemical substances, enhancers, and habit forming hobbies, combined with poor living conditions, learned morals, lifestyles, lack of income and education, that criminality is certainly not an innate tendency, but a lifestyle forced upon certain individuals in response to their environment, social class, and social relations. To completely understand the nature of genes and the environmental influences criminal behavior, you must first know how to define criminal behavior. Law in our society is defined by social and legal institutions. Therefore, determining what constitutes criminal behavior can cover a wide variety of activities so researchers tend to focus on the wider context of antisocial behavior (Causes of Crime, 2010). Personality and disorder traits have become necessary in the analysis of those with criminal or antisocial behavior. Generally these disorders or traits are seen in early childhood rather than as an adult. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD) are three of the well-known disorders that have shown to have a relationship with adult behavior later on. ODD is characterized by confrontations, rebellion, and a bad temper. As a child with ODD grows older their behavior grows more unpleasant. ADHD is associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity and the inability to keep attention focused on one thing. When an individual violates the social norms and rules that is a CD (Taylor, 1985). A large amount of proof has shown that there is a considerable amount of people with psychological problems are in our criminal justice system. Although some would like to believe this is some kind of solution, it is problematic for our society. When those individuals who suffer from psychological issues are accused to be criminals there is a sense of stigma that is brought on to them because of their disorder. Certain psychological problems have been shown to be heritable and if given the right circumstances, individuals with those genes could find themselves engaging in criminal activity (Jones, 2005). Environmental concerns in criminal behavior occurrence include employment being at minimum wage or below not helping deter criminal activity. Even with government social services, such as public housing, food stamps, and medical care, the income of a minimum wage household still falls short of providing basic needs. People must make a choice between continued long-term low income and the prospect of profitable crime. Gaining further education, of course, is another option, but classes can be expensive and time consuming. While education can provide the chance to get a better job, it does not always overcome the effects of abuse, poverty, or other limiting factors. Thus far it has been established through research and various studies that genetics do influence criminal or antisocial behavior. Researchers agree on the point that genes influence personality traits and disorders (Blumstien, 1987). The family environment is critical to the upbringing of a child and if problems exist then the child is most likely to suffer the consequences. Children who are neglected or abused are more likely to commit crimes later in life than others. Similarly, sexual abuse in childhood often leads these victims to become sexual predators as adults. Many inmates on death row have histories of some kind of severe abuse. The neglect and abuse of children often progresses through several generations. So the cycle of abuse and crime keeps repeating itself. The cycle of violence concept, based on the quality of early life relationships, has its positive counterpart. Supportive and loving parents who respond to the basic needs of their child instill self-confidence and an interest in social environments. These children are generally well-adjusted in relating to others and are far less likely to commit crimes (Causes of Crime, 2010). In addition to environmental concerns the Twin and Adoption Statists from the studies that have been done. Some believe that studies support the genetic foundation of criminal behavior. Twin studies are done by the way of comparing monozygotic (MZ), or identical, twins and the percent of criminal behavior with the percent of criminal behavior of dizygotic (DZ), or fraternal, twins. Ordinarily these studies are used to assess the roles of genetic and environmental influences. The outcome of the twin studies show that there is a higher similarity percentage for MZ twins than for DZ twins in criminal behavior. Adoption studies are serious in observing the relationship that exists between adopted children and both their biological and adoptive parents, thus because they are believed to separate nature and nurture. Some studies have been performed that test for criminal behavior of the adopted children and if their biological parents had also been involved with criminal activity. Family s tudies are the third type of instrument used to assess the relationship between genetics and environmental influences on criminal or antisocial behavior (Himebauch, 2000). Another significant factor in the development of antisocial or delinquent behavior in adolescence is peer groups. A persons peer group strongly influences a decision to commit crime. For example, young boys and girls who do not fit into expected standards of academic achievement or participate in sports or social programs can sometimes become lost in the competition (Fadaie-Teharani, 2002). Children of families who cannot afford adequate clothing or school supplies can also fall into the same trap. Researchers believe these youth may abandon schoolmates in favor of criminal gangs, since membership in a gang earns respect and status in a different manner. In gangs, antisocial behavior and criminal activity earns respect and street credibility. An important point to make is that levels of education have been determined to be significant in the manifestation of criminal behavior. Individuals with learning disabilities have been shown to be more prone to violent behavior. The major reason for this is given in an interrelated causal pattern of events with education at the center. School achievement is predictive of pro-social behavior or behaviors designated as upholding the moral values of a society. This is because academic achievement is interrelated in our society with several other variables such as financial success, high self-esteem and an internal locus of control. This particular model may account for reasoning behind the general idea that individuals with a high IQ generally have fewer tendencies for criminal behavior than individuals with a low IQ. The hypothesis is that having a higher IQ results in easier achievement in school. As stated above, doing well academically is associated with several societal factors as well. Individuals with a lower IQ may not succeed as much academically which would result in lower self-esteem and not as much financial success, resulting in an increased disposition for criminal behavior. It is important then to stress education and to address issues with learning disabilities at an early age to disallow the appearance of these negative attributes (Himebauch, 2000). Yet another factor many criminologists consider key to making a life of crime easier is the availability of handguns in U.S. society. Many firearms used in crimes are stolen or purchased illegally which means it was bought on what is called the black market. Firearms provide a simple means of committing a crime while allowing offenders some distance or detachment from their victims. By the beginning of the twenty-first century firearm use was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, firearm use was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States (Causes of Crime, 2010). Similarly, the increased availability of free information on the Internet also makes it easy to commit certain kinds of. Web sites provide instructions on how to make bombs and buy poisons. Easy access, however, will not be the primary factor in a persons decision to commit a crime. Social learning theory has been cited as way to explain how the environment can influence a childs behavior. Using this theory to explain the aggressive or antisocial behavior of a child means that a child observes aggressive behavior between parents, siblings, or both. As a result, the children believes that this aggressive behavior is normal and can therefore use it themselves because they do not see the harm in acting similar to their parents. Interaction between family members and disciplinary techniques are influential in creating antisocial behavior. Using the social learning theory these two factors are also critical in the development of aggression (Taylor, 1985). Children who are raised in an aggressive family environment would most likely be susceptible to experiencing a lack of parental monitoring, permissiveness or inconsistency in punishment, parental rejection and aggression. The exposure to such high levels of aggression and other environmental factors greatly influenc es and reinforces a childs behavior. A significant point that should be known however is the fact that other research has supported the notion that genetics do influence levels of aggression, which stands in opposition to the social learning theory (Shepard, 1995).

Darwins Theory of Evolution :: Natural Selection, Evolution Essays

"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life," usually shortened to "the Origin of Species," is the full title of Charles Darwin's book, first published in 1859, in which Darwin formalized what we know today as the Theory of Evolution. Although Darwin is the most famous exponent of this theory, he was by no means the first person to suspect the workings of evolution. In fact, Charles owed a considerable debt to his grandfather Erasmus, a leading scientist and intellectual, who published a paper in 1794, calledZoonomia, or, The Laws of Organic Life. This set down many of the ideas that his grandson elaborated on 70 years later. However, it was Darwin that formalized the theory, and presented the most convincing case for the theory. Charles Darwin was born on the 12th of February 1809 (incidentally, the same day and year as Abraham Lincoln), in Shrewsbury, England. He had a privileged upbringing, and enjoyed science - particularly biology. He graduated from Cambridge University in 1831, and on December the 27th of that year, he set off for a five-year journey aboard the Beagle, a ship bound for South America. His voyage was long and eventful, including once, in Chile, encountering both an earthquake and a tidal wave in a single day! He spent the entire journey sea-sick, but found an interest in naturalism, and began to think about evolution. Using the evidence he found during his tour of South America to back up the basic theories set down by his predecessors, and making his own adjustments and discoveries. Finally, the Beagle arrived home on October the 2nd, 1836. During his travels, Darwin kept five note-books, marked A to E, in which he recorded what he found, made sketches and wrote about his observations and theories. These later became the basis of his book, though in a "condensed and corrected" version, to "render the volume more fitted for popular reading," as Charles stated in the preface to

Feminist and Other Psychoanalytic Trends Essay

The contributions of the socio-cultural approaches to personality, by theorists like Karen Horney, Nancy Chodorow and Margaret Mahler, focusing on social and cultural variables, are compared with that of biologically driven theories. â€Å"Freud had left psychoanalysis focused on the role played by biology in personality development. While biology is important to individual biography, so, too, are an individual’s life history and the presiding cultural and historical context†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kroger, 1996, p. 16). Karen Horney departed from some of the basic principles of Sigmund Freud and suggested social and cultural factors for neuroses and personality disorders. She differed from Freud’s view of female psychology and his inferior portrayal of women. Horney’s realization that, â€Å"Freudian female psychology was only an offshoot of male psychology, to be expected in a male-oriented culture, came when she experienced childbirth† (Foty, 2008, para. 1). She gave the concept of womb envy, opposite to the theory of penis envy, given by Freud. In her book, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time (1937), Horney phrased that â€Å"emphasis is put on the actually existing conflicts and the neurotic’s attempts to solve them†, in the treatment of neurosis. (p. vii). She did not discount the importance of childhood experiences, as theorized by Freud, but disliked the â€Å"one-sided fascination† that childhood held for psychoanalysts (p. vii). According to Freud the tussle between id, ego and superego lead to anxiety. However, Karen Horney in her book, Self Analysis (1942), said that, â€Å"Freud’s disbelief in a wish for self development is linked up with his postulate that the ego is a weak agency tossed about among the claims of instinctual drives, of the outside world and of a forbidding conscience† (p. 23). She disagreed with this analysis and theorized that the infant’s anxiety is caused when the child feels isolated and alone in a hostile world. She argued that, â€Å"†¦Parental indifference, a lack of warmth and affection in childhood† causes anxiety (as cited in Boeree, 2006, Development section, para. 2). According to Horney, children have two basic needs: need for affection and approval, and need for safety. These two needs are the most important amongst the ten needs that she gave for dealing with anxiety and they emerge due to indifference or lack of warmth from parents. She gave three coping strategies for dealing with these needs: moving-toward, which is compliant type, similar to Adler’s getting or leaning approach; moving-against, which is the hostile type, similar to Adler’s ruling or dominant type; moving-away, which is the detached type, similar to Adler’s avoiding type ( Boeree, 2006, Theory section). â€Å"Freud brought forth the individual from the 19th-century family with his concept of the personal unconscious, reformulating ideas about gender and sexuality†. Thereafter feminism â€Å"gained support from psychoanalysis, which was itself transformed by war, revolution, socio-cultural change†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and theories given by Horney and Melanie Klein (Lieberman, 2004). Melanie Klein’s Object Relations Theory emphasized the ego development of the children, during their early years, as being related to parts of objects rather than the whole. â€Å"Margaret Mahler conducted extensive observations of healthy mother-infant and mother-toddler dyads in a naturalistic setting to delineate the process by which the child differentiates itself from its primary care-taker and becomes an autonomous person†(Kroger,1996, p. 51). According to Mahler, â€Å"separation and individuation† are the processes used by infants in the early years of life. Separation is the child’s â€Å"emergence from a symbiotic fusion with the mother†, whereas individuation is â€Å"those achievements marking the child’s assumption of his own individual characteristics† (p. 51). Mahler gave four stages of separation- individuation process: Differentiation (5 to 10 months), which is the beginning of the difference between self and the primary caregiver; Practicing (10 to 16 months), which marks the emergence of motor abilities; Rapprochement (16 to 24 months), during which, â€Å"children first get a real sense that they are individuals, separate from their mothers† (â€Å"Mahler†, 2007); Consolidation and object Constancy (24 to 36 months), in which the kids know that their mother will be back and are not anxious in their absence. Two processes take place at this last phase: â€Å"The achievement of a definite†¦ individuality†, and â€Å"the attainment of a certain degree of object constancy†(Kroger, 1996, p. 53). In her book The Reproduction of Mothering, Nancy Chodorow (1978), another Object Relations theorist, pointed out, â€Å"women experience a sense of self-in-relation that is in contrast to men’s creation of a self that wishes to deny relation and connection†(p. viii). Mother’s â€Å"by virtue of their gender, experience daughters like them and sons unlike†. Consequently, girls and boys internalize these differences and â€Å"transform these unconscious maternal communications through their own intra-psychic capacities†. (p. viii). This leads to men being more independent and women more empathetic. The girls attachment to her mother is â€Å"preoedipal†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦concerned with â€Å"early mother-infant relational issues† and â€Å"issues of dependence and individuation†. A Boy’s â€Å"attachment to his mother† is oedipal, expressing â€Å"his sense of difference and masculine oppositeness to her†. (p. 97). Freud’s Oedipus complex was to explain sexual identity whereas the individuation process explains the child’s gender identity. Separation-individuation theory outlines the importance of â€Å"nurture in human development† (Edward, Ruskin & Turrini, 1991, p. 3). The relationship between mother and child during infancy plays an integral role in the child’s growth in later years. â€Å"†¦separation-individuation assumes different developmental pathways for men and women, with men cultivating a personality style that emphasizes autonomy and women cultivating one in which attachment needs take precedence†(Gnaulati & Heini, 2001). References Boeree, C. G. (2006). Personality theories. In Shippensburg University my website. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/perscontents. html. Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. Edward, J. , Ruskin, N. , Turrini, P. (1992). Separation/Individuation: Theory and application. (2nd ed. ). New York: Brunner-Routledge. Foty, G. R. (1988). A Mind of Her Own: The Life of Karen Horney. Smithsonian, 19, n5. p. 127(2). Retrieved March 15, 2008, from British Council Journals Database via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Gnaulati, E. , & Heine, B. J. (2001). Separation-individuation in late adolescence: an investigation of gender and ethnic differences. The Journal of Psychology, 135, 1. p. 59(12). Retrieved March 15, 2008, from British Council Journals Database via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Horney, K. (1942). Self analysis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. , Ltd. Kroger, J. (1996). Identity in adolescence: The balance between self and other. London: Routledge. Lieberman, E. J. (2004). Zaretsky, Eli. Secrets of the Soul: A Social and Cultural History of Psychoanalysis. Library Journal, 129, 10. p. 162(1). Retrieved March 15, 2008, from British Council Journals Database via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Mahler’s Theory of Development. (2007). KidsDevelopment. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from http://www. kidsdevelopment. co. uk/MahlersDevelopmentTheory. html

Porphyria

The disorder I chose to do is called Porphyria. It can cause red bloches on the skin. It can also severely affect the nervous system. Ichose this disorder because it had a name similar to Porpise. Porphyria is a group of disorders caused by abnormalities in the chemical steps that lead to heme production. Heme is a vital molecule for all of the body's organs, although it is most abundant in the blood, bone marrow, and liver. Heme is a component of several iron-containing proteins called hemoproteins, including hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in the blood). Researchers have identified several types of porphyria, which are distinguished by their genetic cause and their signs and symptoms. Some types of porphyria, called cutaneous porphyrias, primarily affect the skin. Areas of skin exposed to the sun become fragile and blistered, which can lead to infection, scarring, changes in skin coloring (pigmentation), and increased hair growth. Cutaneous porphyrias include congenital erythropoietic porphyria, erythropoietic protoporphyria, hepatoerythropoietic porphyria, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Other types of porphyria, called acute porphyrias, primarily affect the nervous system. These disorders are described as â€Å"acute† because their signs and symptoms appear quickly and usually last a short time. Episodes of acute porphyria can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea. During an episode, a person may also experience muscle weakness, seizures, fever, and mental changes such as anxiety and hallucinations. These signs and symptoms can be life-threatening, especially if the muscles that control breathing become paralyzed. Acute porphyrias include acute intermittent porphyria and ALAD deficiency porphyria. Two other forms of porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria and variegate porphyria, can have both acute and cutaneous symptoms. Each form of porphyria results from mutations in one of these genes: ALAD, ALAS2, CPOX, FECH, HMBS, PPOX, UROD, or UROS. The genes related to porphyria provide instructions for making the enzymes needed to produce heme. Mutations in most of these genes reduce enzyme activity, which limits the amount of heme the body can produce. As a result, compounds called porphyrins and porphyrin precursors, which are formed during the process of heme production, can build up abnormally in the liver and other organs. When these substances accumulate in the skin and interact with sunlight, they cause the cutaneous forms of porphyria. The acute forms of the disease occur when porphyrins and porphyrin precursors build up in and damage the nervous system. One type of porphyria, porphyria cutanea tarda, results from both genetic and nongenetic factors. About 20 percent of cases are related to mutations in the UROD gene. The remaining cases are not associated with UROD gene mutations and are classified as sporadic. Many factors contribute to the development of porphyria cutanea tarda. These include an increased amount of iron in the liver, alcohol consumption, smoking, hepatitis C or HIV infection, or certain hormones. Mutations in the HFE gene (which cause an iron overload disorder called hemochromatosis) are also associated with porphyria cutanea tarda. Other, as-yet-unidentified genetic factors may also play a role in this form of porphyria. Some types of porphyria are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the gene in each cell is mutated. This single mutation is sufficient to reduce the activity of an enzyme needed for heme production, which increases the risk of developing signs and symptoms of porphyria. Autosomal dominant porphyrias include acute intermittent porphyria, most cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, and variegate porphyria. Although the gene mutations associated with some cases of porphyria cutanea tarda also have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, most people with this form of porphyria do not have an inherited gene mutation. Other porphyrias are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. Porphyrias with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance include ALAD deficiency porphyria, congenital erythropoietic porphyria, and some cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria. When erythropoietic protoporphyria is caused by mutations in the ALAS2 gene, it has an X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance. The ALAS2 gene is located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell may be sufficient to cause the disorder. In males (who have only one X chromosome), a mutation in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder. Males may experience more severe symptoms of the disorder than females. A striking characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons. Mutations in the UROD gene are related to both porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. Individuals who inherit one altered copy of the UROD gene are at increased risk for porphyria cutanea tarda. (Multiple genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to this condition. ) People who inherit two altered copies of the UROD gene in each cell develop hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. The exact prevalence of porphyria is unknown, but it probably ranges from 1 in 500 to 1 in 50,000 people worldwide. Overall, porphyria cutanea tarda is the most common type of porphyria. For some forms of porphyria, the prevalence is unknown because many people with a genetic mutation associated with the disease never experience signs or symptoms. Acute intermittent porphyria is the most common form of acute porphyria in most countries. It may occur more frequently in northern European countries, such as Sweden, and in the United Kingdom. Another form of the disorder, hereditary coproporphyria, has been reported mostly in Europe and North America. Variegate porphyria is most common in the Afrikaner population of South Africa; about 3 in 1,000 people in this population have the genetic change that causes this form of the disorder. Patients diagnosed with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) are screened for other diseases. They may be treated with phlebotomy (blood collection) to reduce body iron stores and/or receive other treatments to decrease photosensitivity of the skin. Specialists advise PCT patients to wear protective clothing and use sunscreen at all times to reduce skin damage. PCT affects about 80 percent of patients with porphyria. It is the most common non-acute porphyria and by far the most common porphyria. Although acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is the most common acute porphyria, it is still quite rare. It usually affects women between 20 and 40 years old and men between 30 and 50. Because patients with an acute attack of AIP can rapidly develop a life-threatening illness, physicians often recommend hospitalization. While being monitored in the intensive care unit, patients may be treated with intravenous fluids, a high-carbohydrate diet, and medications that suppress porphyrin production. As you can see, Porphyria is a terrible disease. It affecs many and can even kill those affected. Reaserch on cures and treatments is still underway. We can only hope they find a cure before more people are affected.